Language Fluency and Participation Are Different Questions
Fluency matters. Complex conversations depend on vocabulary, nuance, speed, cultural reference, and the ability to ask for clarification.
But fluency and participation are not identical. A person can understand more than they can produce. They can follow tone, structure, gesture, examples, and repeated distinctions while still searching for words.
Translation, captions, written material, pauses, demonstrations, and peer support can widen access further. This should not be romanticized. Language barriers can create genuine misunderstanding and exclusion. They can also be overinterpreted as proof that meaningful participation is impossible.
The better question is functional. What does this person need in order to follow, question, respond, and decide whether the conversation is useful? Participation should not be measured only by accent, speed, or perfect grammar. Access improves when communication is designed around comprehension rather than linguistic performance.